This page is about the food; for other uses see Sausage (disambiguation). Freshly cooked pork sausages. A sausage consists of ground meat, animal fat, herbs and spices, and possibly other ingredients, generally packed in a casing (traditionally the intestines of the animal, though now often synthetic), and preserved in some way, often by curing or smoking. Sausage making is a very old food production and preservation technique. There is no consensus whether similar products that are not packed in casings, such as pâté, meatloaf, scrapple and head cheese should be considered sausages. Pieces of sausage—often not including casing—are a popular topping for pizza in many countries. Contents 1 History 2 Classification of sausages 3 Types of sausage 3.1 Vegetarian sausage 4 Health concerns 5 Quotes 6 References 7 See also 8 External links History Australian "snags" cooking on a campfire Sausage is a natural outcome of efficient butchery. Sausage-makers put to good use meat and animal parts that are edible and usually nutritious, but not particularly appealing, such as organ meats, blood, and fat, and allow the preservation of meat that can not be consumed immediately. Hence, sausages are among the oldest of prepared foods. It is often assumed that sausages were invented by the Sumerians in what is Iraq today, around 3000 BC. Chinese sausage làcháng (臘腸/腊肠), which consisted of goat and lamb meat, was first mentioned in 589 BC. The Greek poet Homer mentioned a kind of blood sausage in the Odyssey (book 20, verse 25) , and Epicharmus (ca. 550 BC - ca. 460 BC) wrote a comedy titled The Sausage . Evidence suggests that sausages were already popular both among the ancient Greeks and Romans.citation needed] During the reign of the Roman emperor Nero, sausages were associated with the Lupercalia festival. The early Catholic Church outlawed the Lupercalia Festival and made eating sausage a sin. For this reason, the Roman emperor Constantine banned the eating of sausages. Early in the 10th century, the Byzantine emperor Leo VI outlawed the production of blood sausages following cases of food poisoning. Traditionally, sausage casings were made of the intestines of animals. Today, however, natural casings are often replaced by collagen, cellulose or even plastic casings, especially in the case of industrially manufactured sausages. Additionally, luncheon meat (such as SPAM) and sausage meat are now available without casings in tins and jars. The most basic sausage consists of meat cut into pieces or ground and filled into a casing such as an animal intestine. The meat may be from any animal, but traditionally is pork, beef or veal. The meat vs. fat content is dependent upon the style and producer, but in the United States, fat content is legally limited to a maximum of 30%, 35% or 50%, by weight, depending on the style. The USDA defines the content for various sausages and generally prohibits fillers and extenders. (See link, below) Most traditional styles of sausage from Europe and Asia use no bread-based filler and are 100% meat and fat (excluding salt and other flavorings, such as herbs) (cf Joy of Cooking, Rombauer & Becker; The Fine Art of Italian Cooking, Bugialli). In the UK and other countries with English cooking traditions, bread and starch-based fillers account for up to 25% of ingredients. The word sausage is derived from Old French saussiche, from the Latin word salsus, meaning salted. The word botulism is derived from the Latin word for sausage, botulus. Classification of sausages Some of the many varieties of sausages Sausages may be classified in any number of ways, for instance by the type of meat and other ingredients they contain, or by their consistency. The most popular classification is probably by type of preparation, but even this suffers from regional differences in opinion. In the English-speaking world, the following distinction between fresh sausages, cooked sausages and dry sausages seems to be more or less accepted: Cooked sausages are made with fresh meats and then fully cooked. They are either eaten immediately after cooking or must be refrigerated. Examples include Braunschweiger and liver sausages. Cooked smoked sausages are cooked and then smoked, or smoke-cooked. They are eaten hot or cold, but need to be refrigerated. Examples include Wieners, kielbasa and Mortadella. Fresh sausages are made from meats that have not been previously cured. They must be refrigerated and thoroughly cooked before eating. Examples include Boerewors, Italian pork sausage and fresh beef sausage. Fresh smoked sausages are fresh sausages that are smoked. They should be refrigerated and cooked thoroughly before eating. Examples include Mettwurst and Romanian sausage. Dry sausages are fresh sausages that are dried. They are generally eaten cold and will keep for a long time. Examples include salami, Droë wors and summer sausage. Other countries, however, use different systems of classification. Germany, for instance, which boasts more than 1200 types of sausage, distinguishes raw, cooked and pre-cooked sausages. Raw sausages are made with raw meat and are not cooked. They are preserved by lactic fermentation, and may be dried, brined or smoked. Most raw sausages will keep for a long time. Examples include cervelat, mettwurst and salami. Cooked sausages may include water and emulsifiers and are always cooked. They will not keep long. Examples include Jagdwurst and Weißwurst. Pre-cooked sausages are made with cooked meat, and may include raw organ meat. They may be heated after casing, and will keep only for a few days. Examples include Saumagen and Blutwurst. The US has a particular type called Pickled sausages, commonly found in gas stations and small roadside delicatessens. These are usually smoked and/or cooked (boiled) sausages of a highly processed frankfurter (hot dog) or kielbasa style plunged into a boiling brine of vinegar, salt, spices (red pepper, paprika...) and often a pink coloring, then jarred. They are available in single blister packs i.e. Slim Jim meat snacks, or in jars atop the deli cooler. They are shelf stable, and are a frequently offered alternative to beef jerky, beef stick, and kippered beef snacks. Certain countries classify sausage types according to the region in which the sausage was traditionally produced: France: Montbéliard, Morteau, Strasbourg, Toulouse, … Germany: Frankfurt, Thuringia, Nuremberg, Pomerania, … Austria: Vienna, … England: Cumberland, Chiltern Slovenia: Kranjska (klobasa), after the Slovenian name for the province of Carniola Spain: botifarra catalana, chorizo riojano, chorizo gallego, chorizo de Teror, longaniza de Aragón, morcilla de Burgos, morcilla de Ronda, morcilla extremeña, morcilla dulce canaria, salchichón de Vic, fuet d'Olot, sobrasada mallorquina, botillo de León, … Types of sausage Sausage making, Russia Many nations and regions have their own characteristic sausages, using meats and other ingredients native to the region and employed in traditional dishes. Italian sausages are often a mix or pork and veal, in the USA are defined as having a minimum of 85% meat, and must contain salt, pepper, and either fennel or anise. German sausages, or wurst, cover a wide range of cooked, uncooked and unfilled styles (no casing), such as frankfurters, bratwurst, knockwurst and bockwurst. English and Scottish sausages, or bangers (so named for their tendency to explode during cooking if poorly made), for example, normally have a significant amount of rusk, or bread crumbs, and are less meaty than sausages in other styles. Bangers are also used to make toad in the hole. They are an essential part of a full English breakfast, and are usually offered with an Irish breakfast. According to Sausagefans.com, in Britain alone there are over 470 different types of sausages. The British sausage was once the butt of a joke on Yes Minister, where it was to be renamed by European Union directive on all labels as the "Emulsified High-Fat Offal Tube". In some areas "sausage meat" for frying is sold as slices cut from an oblong block of pressed meat without any casing: in Scotland this is often known as slice while the usual form is sometimes called link. Sausages can also be modified to use indigenous ingredients. Mexican styles add oregano and the "guajillo" red pepper to the Spanish chorizo to give it an even hotter spicy touch. Sausages may be served as hors d'oeuvre, in a sandwich, in a bread roll as a hot dog, wrapped in a tortilla, or as an ingredient in dishes such as stews and casseroles. Sausage without casing is called sausage meat and can be fried or used as stuffing for poultry, or for wrapping foods like Scotch eggs. Similarly, sausage meat encased in puff pastry is called a sausage roll. In Turkey sausage is known as sosis which is made of beef. It is worth mentioning that there are currently organisations in a number of UK counties such as Lincolnshire who are seeking European protected status on their sausages so that, rather like Champagne, they can only be made in the appropriate county. So in the future it may be illegal to call a Lincolnshire sausage a Lincolnshire sausage if it is not made in Lincolnshire.[1] In England, Saveloy is the snack referring to the sausage while in Hong Kong the Cervelat Sausage is a snack on its own, too (evenly machine-roasted). Both are bigger than general hot-dog sausages. Sucuk (pronounced tsudjuck with accent on the last syllable) is a type of sausage made in Turkey and neighboring Balkan countries suggesting that sucuk may actually be a close relative of the original sausages of the ancient Rome and Greece. Modern Turkey is "on" Asia Minor, the heartland of ancient Greek and Byzantine cultures. There are numerous types of food which are known to have been made in the Roman Empire that survive in modern Turkish cuisine only. Considering what the original word for sausage means, rather salty Turkish sausage, sucuk, could very well be one the sausages of the ancient times. There are many types of sucuk but possibly the best kind is made from beef, water buffalo meat and sheep fat. It is fermented, spiced (with garlic and pepper) and filled in sheep intestines. Slightly smoked sucuk is considered superior. The taste is spicy, salty and a little raw, similar to pepperoni. Some varieties are extremely hot and/or greasy. Some are "adulterated" with turkey or chicken. There are many dishes made with sucuk but grilled sucuk remains the most popular. Smoke dried varieties are consumed "raw" in sandwiches. An intestinal loop is one sucuk. Smoked sucuk is usually straight. Vegetarian sausage Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe for Vegan Bratwurst Vegetarian and vegan sausages are also available in some countries, or can be made from scratch. These may be made from tofu, seitan, nuts, pulses, soya protein, vegetables or any combination of similar ingredients that will hold together during cooking. These sausages, like most meat-replacement products, generally fall into two camps: some are shaped, colored, flavored, etc to replicate the taste and texture of meat as accurately as possible; others rely on spices and vegetables to lend their natural flavour to the product and no attempt is made to imitate meat. Health concerns A 2004 analysis published in the journal Neuroepidemiology determined that consumption of cured sausage during pregnancy is correlated with an increased risk of childhood brain tumors.[1] Quotes "People who enjoy eating sausage and obeying the law should not watch either being made" - Otto von Bismarck "Es geht um die Wurst" - German idiom meaning "now or never," literally translates as "it concerns/goes at the sausage." "Es ist mir Wurst" - German idiom meaning "I don't care," or "It doesn't bother me" literally translates as "sausage to me" References ^ Entrez PubMed. Retrieved on July 2, 2006. See also Plate with German Wurst (liver-, blood- and hamsausage) Andouille Black pudding Blood sausage Bockwurst Boerewors Bratwurst Breakfast sausage Breakfast Roll Butifarra Cervelat Chinese sausage Chipolata Chorizo Cumberland sausage Falukorv Fuet Haggis Italian sausage Kielbasa Kishka Knackwurst Kovbasa Landjäger Linguiça Liver sausage Loukaniko Lukanka Merguez Mettwurst Mincemeat Mortadella Mustamakkara Pölsa Rookworst Salami Saveloy Sausage Race Soujouk Thüringer Usinger's Sausage Company Weißwurst White pudding External links Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe for Sausage Sausage glossary The Art and Practice of Sausage Making All about sausages The Sausage Blog (German language) Guide to sausage from the world over USDA Standards of Identity; see Subparts E, F & G Search Term: "Sausage" Categories: Articles with unsourced statements | Sausages | Breakfast foods

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